|
Du bist hier: Referate Datenbank | Englisch
| The industrial revolution
The industrial revolution
The industrial
revolution
Without any doubt the industrial revolution is and was one of the most
important parts of human history. It changed the life of nearly every human
being on our whole planet and the results are so common for us that we
don’t even think about them in our daily lives.
Industrial changes:
The industrial revolution began at the 2nd half of the 18th century. There
exists no uniformed theory how it came up. We can separate the industrial
revolution in three parts:
1. industrial revolution (approx. 1760 - 1830)
It started in England because this country had colonies with a huge amount
of natural resources, a good traffic system, great financial reserves,
sufficient workers and a lot of people with revolutionary ideas. Another
important fact was that the state itself didn’t interfere in the economy
and so a free economy market could grow.
First there was an agrarian revolution: The great land owners got rich at
the expense of the small farmers. Because of this many of them went into the
rapidly growing cities where they hoped to find a better life.
The former small factories were replaced by larger more efficient ones. So
large stock companies developed. Banking institutions, the industry and the
financial world supported each other because in these times political power of
the Europeans was based on industrial superiority. It resulted in a world-wide
economy and commercial room with international exchange of goods.
The most important inventions of the 1st industrial
revolution:
1764
- James Hargrieves built ´Spinning Jenny´
a spinning frame with the name of his daughter
1779
- Samuel Crompton improved the spinning frames with
the help of water power and steam engines
1784
- First mechanical loom of Edmund Cartwright
- James Watt finished his project of the steam
engine
1804
- Richard Trevithick built the first high pressure
steam locomotive
1819
- the first steam powered ship crossed the
Atlantic
- steam engines were inserted in coal
disassembly
2. industrial revolution (end of the 19th
century)
The use of electric power and the chemical sector became the leading
secorts in the second industrial revolution. Many new inventions in these
sectors initiated another great industrial growth.
The most important inventions of the 2nd industrial
revolution:
1837
- Samuel Morse invented the electro-magnetic
telegraph
1872
- Graham Bell invented the phone
1881
- Thomas Edison presented the electric light
bulb
- Werner Siemens developed the dynamo
1876
- August Otto and Gottfried Daimler constructed the
four stroke gas engine
1900
- started the first zeppelin of count
Zeppelin
1927
- Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic with an
airplane
3. industrial revolution (now)
- plastics dissolves iron in much importance
- computer & robots replace human workers in
production and manufacturing
- nuclear power replaces in most parts of the world
the traditional water and coal power
Social changes
The industrial revolution formed two new society groups: The entrepreneurs
and the wage workers (mostly proletarian).
The entrepreneurs: The owners of the new companies and factories
were mostly financially powerful merchants and sometimes also members of the
nobility. The entrepreneurs were carrier of a new mind. Their leitmotif was:
Work means no reduction of social reputation but was a life content. The
affiliation to industry bourgeoisie already appeared purely external through big
and well arranged apartments, fashionable and elegant clothes, a villa on the
outskirts of a town and an own domestic.
Wage workers: The factory workforce formed itself from the group of
persons that worked in the factories, from the craftsmen and from the farmers.
They owned no own estate and could only offer their working power. Women and
children were also forced for work at factories and mines. They also had no
politically rights because in these times only the rich or noble persons were
allowed to vote. The state prevented the solidarity of the workers
simultaneously through strike and coalition prohibitions.
The industrialisation didn’t only bring good things. It also laid the
fundamentals for many problems that are still existing:
- mass poverty
- dangerous and unhealthy conditions of work
- long working times
- severe discipline
- bad payment
- physical
overstrain
|
PDF-Format (14,85 KB)
ZIP
Archiv (6,85 KB)
(c) 2003-2012 ontaps GmbH